Exploring the Impact of New Putter Technology on Golf Performance

Golf is a sport that requires precision and accuracy, and one of the most important tools for golfers is their putter. A new putter can offer a golfer a variety of benefits, including improved accuracy, increased distance, and better feel. But does getting a new putter really help? In this article, we will explore the impact of new putter technology on golf performance. We will look at the latest innovations in putter design and how they can help golfers improve their game. So, if you’re a golfer looking to take your skills to the next level, read on to discover how a new putter could be the key to unlocking your full potential.

Understanding Putter Technology

Materials Used in Putter Design

In recent years, the development of new materials has significantly impacted the design of golf clubs, including putters. These innovative materials are used to enhance the performance of putters, improve their durability, and reduce their overall weight.

Some of the most commonly used materials in putter design include:

  • Metal alloys: These are a combination of two or more metals that are used to create a more durable and stable putter head. Common metal alloys used in putter design include stainless steel, titanium, and alloys of copper and zinc.
  • Graphite: Graphite is a lightweight and strong material that is often used in the construction of putter shafts. Graphite shafts are known for their ability to reduce the weight of the putter, which can improve the player’s swing speed and accuracy.
  • Composite materials: Composite materials are made from a combination of different materials, such as carbon fiber and epoxy resin. These materials are often used in the construction of putter heads and shafts to improve their strength and stability while reducing their weight.

By utilizing these advanced materials, putter manufacturers are able to create clubs that are more forgiving, have a better feel, and offer improved performance on the golf course. The use of these materials has also allowed putter designers to create clubs with unique shapes and designs that can help golfers improve their accuracy and consistency on the green.

Shaft Materials and Design

In the world of golf, the shaft of a putter plays a crucial role in determining the performance of the club. The material and design of the shaft can greatly impact the stability, accuracy, and feel of the putter during a swing. In this section, we will delve into the various materials and designs used in putter shafts and how they affect the overall performance of the club.

Steel

Steel is one of the most commonly used materials in putter shafts. It is known for its durability and stability, making it a popular choice among golfers. Steel shafts are typically made from 302 or 304 stainless steel, which provides a good balance of strength and flexibility. Steel shafts are also often coated with a soft, polymer material to improve the feel and reduce vibrations during a swing.

Graphite

Graphite shafts are becoming increasingly popular in the world of golf, and putters are no exception. Graphite shafts are lighter and more flexible than steel shafts, which can help improve the speed and accuracy of a golfer’s swing. Graphite shafts are also less prone to twisting or bending, which can help maintain the stability of the putter during a swing.

Composite materials

Composite materials, such as carbon fiber or fiberglass, are also used in some putter shafts. These materials are lightweight and extremely strong, making them a popular choice for golfers looking to improve the speed and accuracy of their swings. Composite shafts are also less prone to rusting or corroding, which can make them a good choice for golfers who play in wet or humid conditions.

Flex and kick point

The flex and kick point of a putter shaft can also impact its performance. The flex of a shaft refers to its ability to bend during a swing, and a shaft with a higher flex will be more flexible than one with a lower flex. A shaft with a higher flex may be easier to bend, but it may also be more prone to twisting or bending during a swing.

The kick point of a shaft refers to the point at which the shaft begins to bend during a swing. A shaft with a higher kick point will bend closer to the golfer’s hands, while a shaft with a lower kick point will bend closer to the head of the putter. Some golfers prefer a higher kick point for a more stable and accurate putter, while others prefer a lower kick point for a more flexible and responsive putter.

Face Technology

One of the most critical components of a putter is the face technology. The putter face is responsible for imparting the energy required to propel the golf ball forward, and any variations in the face’s performance can have a significant impact on the overall performance of the putter. In this section, we will explore the different face technologies that are used in modern putters and how they affect the golfer’s performance.

Milling

Milling is a process used to create a precise and consistent putter face. The milling process involves removing small amounts of material from the face of the putter using a computer-controlled machine. This process allows for a precise and uniform surface finish, which is essential for optimal ball rolling. Milling also allows for the creation of specific grooves and patterns on the putter face, which can affect the ball’s roll and trajectory.

Insert Technology

Insert technology is another method used to create a consistent and precise putter face. In this method, a separate insert is inserted into the putter face, and the face is then milled around the insert. This method allows for the creation of specific grooves and patterns that are tailored to the insert, which can improve the ball’s roll and trajectory.

Face Materials

The material used in the putter face can also have an impact on the golfer’s performance. Different materials have different properties that can affect the ball’s roll and trajectory. For example, some materials may be more durable than others, while others may provide a better feel or improve the ball’s roll. The choice of material can also affect the weight distribution of the putter, which can impact the golfer’s swing and stroke.

In conclusion, the putter face technology plays a crucial role in the golfer’s performance. The use of milling, insert technology, and different face materials can all affect the ball’s roll and trajectory. Understanding these technologies can help golfers make informed decisions when choosing a putter and can improve their overall performance on the golf course.

Weight Distribution

Weight distribution in putters refers to the way the weight of the club is distributed throughout the shaft and head. This can have a significant impact on the performance of the putter. In this section, we will discuss some key aspects of weight distribution in putters.

Balancing

Balancing is a crucial aspect of weight distribution in putters. A well-balanced putter provides a smooth and stable feel during the swing, which can lead to improved accuracy and consistency. The weight of the putter head and shaft should be balanced such that the putter feels evenly balanced when held in the hands.

Heel-toe weighting

Heel-toe weighting refers to the distribution of weight in the putter head from heel to toe. Some putters have a significant amount of weight concentrated in the heel or toe, while others have a more even distribution of weight throughout the putter head. Heel-toe weighting can affect the stability and stability of the putter during the swing.

Center of gravity

The center of gravity (CG) of a putter is the point at which the putter balances when placed horizontally. The CG can be adjusted by changing the position of the weight in the putter head. A lower CG can provide a more stable and forgiving putter, while a higher CG can lead to a more precise and accurate putter.

Overall, weight distribution is a critical aspect of putter technology that can have a significant impact on golf performance. By understanding the key aspects of weight distribution, golfers can choose a putter that best suits their needs and improve their overall performance on the golf course.

Putter Grip and Style

Pistol Grip

The pistol grip is a unique putter grip that is shaped like a handgun, with the handle curving to the right and the shaft pointing straight back. This grip style is designed to promote a more consistent and stable putting stroke, as it forces the player to keep their left hand (for right-handed golfers) anchored to the handle throughout the swing.

Standard Grip

The standard grip is the most common putter grip, with the handle and shaft positioned straight up and down. This grip style allows for a little more wrist action in the putting stroke, and it is suitable for golfers who prefer a more natural, relaxed grip.

Mallet Putters

Mallet putters are characterized by their large, flat putting heads and long shafts. These putters are designed to provide a more stable and forgiving putting stroke, making them a popular choice for golfers with a slower or less accurate putting stroke. Mallet putters are available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including heel-toe weighted models that help to keep the ball on the green.

Blade Putters

Blade putters are designed with a thin, sharp edge and a small, lightweight head. These putters are designed to provide a more precise and accurate putting stroke, making them a popular choice for skilled golfers who prefer a more traditional putter. Blade putters are typically heavier than mallet putters, which helps to keep the putter head stable through the putting stroke.

The Effect of New Putter Technology on Golf Performance

Key takeaway: New putter technology has significantly impacted the design of golf clubs, including putters. Innovative materials are used to enhance the performance of putters, improve their durability, and reduce their overall weight. The use of these materials has allowed putter designers to create clubs with unique shapes and designs that can help golfers improve their accuracy and consistency on the green. The key aspects of weight distribution, grip and style, and the impact of new putter technology on golf performance are also discussed.

Improved Accuracy

One of the most significant benefits of new putter technology is the improvement in accuracy. With the use of new materials and innovative designs, putters have become more precise and consistent, allowing golfers to make straighter putts and have a better chance of sinking their shots.

Enhanced Ball Rolling

New putter technology has led to the development of putters with improved ball rolling capabilities. The design of the putterhead and the type of material used can have a significant impact on the ball’s roll. For example, putters with a higher moment of inertia (MOI) are more stable and less affected by off-center hits, resulting in a more consistent roll. Additionally, putters with a lower center of gravity can promote a smoother roll and make it easier to keep the ball on the intended line.

More Consistent Ball Speed

Another way that new putter technology has improved accuracy is by providing more consistent ball speed. The ball’s speed is determined by a variety of factors, including the putterhead’s design, the ball’s contact with the putting surface, and the golfer’s stroke. By optimizing these factors, new putter technology has made it possible for golfers to achieve a more consistent ball speed, resulting in straighter putts and improved accuracy.

Straighter Putts

Finally, new putter technology has enabled golfers to make straighter putts by reducing the amount of curvature on the ball’s path. Putterhead designs that promote a more direct path to the hole, such as those with a more linear shape or a flatter face, can help golfers keep their putts on the intended line. Additionally, the use of high-quality materials, such as 303 stainless steel or titanium, can increase the putter’s durability and consistency, resulting in straighter putts over time.

Overall, the improved accuracy provided by new putter technology has been a game-changer for golfers of all skill levels. By providing more consistent ball rolling, more consistent ball speed, and straighter putts, these innovations have enabled golfers to make more confident strokes and improve their overall performance on the golf course.

Increased Distance Control

One of the most significant benefits of new putter technology is the increased distance control that it offers golfers. Traditional putters often required a great deal of skill and experience to hit a putt with the desired distance and accuracy. However, new putter technology has made it easier for golfers to achieve greater distance control.

Greater Distance Control

New putter technology has led to the development of putters with more precise distance control. This means that golfers can now hit putts with greater accuracy, regardless of the distance. With traditional putters, golfers often had to make adjustments to their stroke to account for the distance of the putt. However, with new putter technology, golfers can use putters that are specifically designed to provide greater distance control.

More Precise Distance

New putter technology has also allowed for more precise distance control. This means that golfers can now hit putts with greater accuracy, even on challenging greens. Traditional putters often required golfers to make adjustments to their stroke to account for the slope or curvature of the green. However, with new putter technology, golfers can use putters that are specifically designed to provide more precise distance control, even on challenging greens.

Ability to Hit Longer Puts

Another benefit of new putter technology is the ability to hit longer puts. Traditional putters often had a limited range, which meant that golfers had to be close to the hole to have a chance at making a putt. However, new putter technology has led to the development of putters that can be used to hit longer puts. This means that golfers can now have a better chance of making a putt from further away from the hole.

Overall, the increased distance control offered by new putter technology is a significant benefit for golfers. It allows them to hit putts with greater accuracy, even on challenging greens, and provides the ability to hit longer puts. This can lead to improved performance on the golf course and more successful shots.

Better Roll and Spin

New putter technology has revolutionized the way golfers approach the greens, offering improved roll and spin to enhance overall performance. This section delves into the specific benefits that players can expect from the latest putter innovations.

Enhanced Roll

One of the most significant improvements in putter technology is the enhanced roll it provides. By using materials such as carbon fiber and aerodynamically designed shapes, modern putters allow for a smoother, more consistent roll on the green. This is particularly beneficial for golfers who struggle with accuracy and control, as it reduces the risk of unpredictable putts.

Increased Spin

Another key advantage of new putter technology is the increased spin it offers. Today’s putters are designed to create more backspin, which can lead to improved control on the greens. Golfers can use this added spin to manipulate the ball’s trajectory and avoid dangerous pitfalls such as spinning backward off the green.

Greater Control on the Greens

Perhaps the most significant benefit of new putter technology is the greater control it provides golfers on the greens. With enhanced roll and increased spin, players can more accurately aim for the hole and make adjustments to their shot based on the conditions of the green. This added control can result in lower scores and a more satisfying overall golfing experience.

Overall, the impact of new putter technology on golf performance is undeniable. By offering improved roll, increased spin, and greater control on the greens, these innovative tools can help golfers of all skill levels enhance their game and shoot lower scores.

Enhanced Feel and Touch

Golfers often rely on their sense of touch when making crucial putts. Traditional putters have been known to lack the necessary sensory feedback, resulting in a less than ideal putting experience. However, with the advent of new putter technology, golfers are now able to benefit from enhanced feel and touch.

Improved Feel

One of the key features of new putter technology is the ability to provide golfers with improved feel. This is achieved through the use of advanced materials, such as graphite and carbon fiber, which allow for a more responsive and vibrant putting experience. The increased feedback helps golfers to make more accurate and confident putts, leading to improved performance on the green.

Enhanced Touch

Another advantage of new putter technology is the enhanced touch that it provides. Many modern putters come equipped with advanced face inserts, such as inserts made from aluminum or tungsten, which help to increase the sensitivity of the clubhead. This means that even the slightest touch can register, providing golfers with greater control over their putts.

Better Control on the Greens

Thanks to the improved feel and touch offered by new putter technology, golfers are now able to exercise better control over their putts. This is particularly important on the greens, where even the slightest miscalculation can result in a missed putt. With the enhanced sensory feedback provided by these clubs, golfers can make more precise and accurate putts, leading to improved performance and ultimately, lower scores.

Customization for Individual Players

In recent years, the development of new putter technology has allowed for a more personalized approach to the game of golf. With custom-fitted putters and personalized specifications, golfers can now tailor their equipment to meet their individual needs.

One of the most significant advantages of custom-fitted putters is that they can be designed to fit the golfer’s unique physical characteristics. This includes factors such as the length of the golfer’s arms, the size of their hands, and their overall posture and stance. By ensuring that the putter is the right length and weight for the golfer, they can improve their balance and control during the swing, resulting in more accurate shots.

Personalized specifications can also play a significant role in customizing a golfer’s putter. This can include things like the type of grip, the amount of loft on the clubface, and the type of shaft material. By making these adjustments, golfers can fine-tune their putter to match their individual swing style and preferences.

Finally, many golfers find that customizing their putter to meet their individual needs can also help to improve their mental game. By having a putter that feels comfortable and suits their style, golfers can build confidence and trust in their equipment, leading to more consistent and successful putts.

Overall, the ability to customize putters for individual players has become an increasingly popular trend in the world of golf. With the help of new putter technology, golfers can now tailor their equipment to meet their unique needs, resulting in improved performance on the course.

The Science Behind New Putter Technology

Physics of Putting

Putting is a critical aspect of golf performance, and understanding the physics behind it is essential for golfers to improve their putting skills. The physics of putting involve several factors that influence the ball’s movement after it is struck by the putterhead.

  • Ball rolling

The ball’s rolling motion is determined by its initial velocity and the friction between the ball and the putting surface. The putterhead’s design and the golfer’s stroke also play a significant role in the ball’s rolling motion.

  • Ball speed

Ball speed is a crucial factor in determining the distance the ball will travel. The putterhead’s design and the golfer’s stroke determine the ball’s initial velocity, which then influences the ball’s speed and direction.

  • Spin rate

Spin rate is another critical factor in determining the ball’s movement after it is struck by the putterhead. The putterhead’s design and the golfer’s stroke can influence the amount of spin imparted on the ball, which in turn affects the ball’s trajectory and roll distance.

  • Roll distance

Roll distance is the distance the ball travels after it starts rolling. The ball’s roll distance is influenced by several factors, including the ball’s initial velocity, the ball’s spin rate, and the friction between the ball and the putting surface.

New putter technology has been developed to help golfers optimize their putting performance by taking into account these physics factors. These new technologies include putterhead designs that enhance ball speed and spin rate, as well as materials that reduce friction between the ball and the putting surface. By understanding the physics of putting and using new putter technology, golfers can improve their putting skills and increase their chances of success on the golf course.

Biomechanics of the Putting Stroke

When it comes to the biomechanics of the putting stroke, there are several key factors that contribute to the success or failure of a golfer’s performance. These factors include the grip, stroke path, putt starting point, and body alignment.

Grip

The grip is the first point of contact between the golfer and the putter. It is essential to have a firm, yet relaxed grip to ensure a smooth and consistent stroke. A proper grip should be centered on the shaft, with the hands placed slightly ahead of the clubhead. The index finger should be used to guide the putter, while the other fingers should be relaxed and curved around the grip.

Stroke path

The stroke path is the trajectory that the putter head travels during the putting stroke. A straight stroke path is ideal for maximizing accuracy and minimizing the risk of deviations from the intended target. To achieve a straight stroke path, the golfer should use a technique called the “crossover” method, where the putter head moves inside the target line on the backswing and returns to the target line on the forward swing.

Putt starting point

The putt starting point is the position from which the ball is struck. It is essential to ensure that the ball is struck directly in the center of the putter face to achieve the best possible result. To do this, the golfer should aim to position the ball directly behind the center of the stance, with the feet shoulder-width apart.

Body alignment

Body alignment is crucial in ensuring a smooth and consistent putting stroke. The golfer should stand with their feet shoulder-width apart, with the weight evenly distributed on both feet. The knees should be slightly bent, and the hips and shoulders should be square to the target line. The head should be positioned directly over the putter, with the eyes focused on the ball.

Material Properties and Performance

Material Selection

In recent years, the development of new materials has greatly impacted the performance of golf clubs, particularly putters. These materials include aluminum, titanium, and carbon fiber, among others. Each material has its own unique properties that can influence the performance of the putter. For example, aluminum is a lightweight and durable material that can help increase the overall weight of the putter, which can improve stability and accuracy. Titanium, on the other hand, is a lightweight and strong material that can help reduce the overall weight of the putter, which can improve the speed and distance of the putt.

Shaft Flex

Another important factor in new putter technology is the shaft flex. The shaft flex refers to the amount of bending or flexing that occurs in the shaft during the swing. In the past, most putters had a fixed shaft flex, which meant that the shaft did not bend during the swing. However, many modern putters now have adjustable shaft flex, which allows the golfer to customize the flex of the shaft to their own swing. This can help improve the accuracy and consistency of the putt.

Face Insert Technology

Another innovation in putter technology is the use of face insert technology. This involves the use of a thin, lightweight material that is inserted into the face of the putter. This material can help increase the speed and distance of the putt, as well as improve the overall stability and accuracy of the putter.

Weight Distribution

Finally, the distribution of weight in the putter can also impact its performance. Many modern putters are designed with a more balanced weight distribution, which can help improve the stability and accuracy of the putt. This is achieved by placing the weight in specific areas of the putter, such as the grip or the head, to create a more balanced distribution of weight.

Overall, the use of new materials and technologies in putter design has greatly impacted the performance of golfers. By selecting the right materials, adjusting the shaft flex, using face insert technology, and optimizing weight distribution, golfers can improve their accuracy, consistency, and overall performance on the golf course.

The Future of Putter Technology

Emerging Trends

Artificial Intelligence

  • Enhanced Performance Analysis
    • Advanced data analysis techniques to evaluate golfer’s swing, putting stroke, and overall performance
    • Identification of patterns and trends to optimize training and improve golf skills
  • Personalized Coaching and Training
    • AI-driven systems that analyze individual golfers’ swings and suggest customized training programs
    • Real-time feedback during tournaments to adjust strategies and techniques
  • Predictive Analytics
    • AI algorithms predicting potential outcomes based on various factors such as course conditions, wind speed, and golfer’s past performance
    • Enabling golfers to make informed decisions on shot selection and strategy

3D Printing

  • Customizable Club Heads
    • 3D printing technology allows for the creation of highly customized club heads tailored to individual golfer’s needs
    • Incorporating unique designs and materials to enhance ball spin, control, and distance
  • Durable and Lightweight Materials
    • Utilization of advanced materials, such as carbon fiber and titanium, to create lightweight yet durable putter components
    • Reducing the overall weight of the putter, promoting greater control and accuracy
  • Replacement Parts and Accessories
    • 3D printing enables the production of replacement parts and accessories for putters, ensuring a longer lifespan for the equipment
    • Golfers can easily repair or upgrade their putters, reducing downtime and maintenance costs

Nanotechnology

  • Surface Enhancements
    • Application of nanotechnology to create ultra-smooth and friction-reducing surfaces on putter heads and grips
    • Improving the ball’s roll and reducing the influence of external factors on the shot
  • Structural Reinforcement
    • Use of nanomaterials to reinforce and strengthen putter components, increasing their durability and resistance to wear
    • Ensuring consistent performance even under harsh conditions or heavy use
  • Antimicrobial Coatings
    • Integration of nanotechnology-based antimicrobial coatings to reduce the risk of bacterial growth and odor in putters
    • Maintaining hygiene and extending the lifespan of equipment

Continued Innovation

  • Research and Development: A key aspect of continued innovation in putter technology is the dedication to research and development. Golf equipment manufacturers are investing in R&D to create new materials, designs, and technologies that can improve the performance of putters. This includes conducting extensive testing and analysis to optimize the design of putters for various golfing conditions and golfer preferences.
  • Player Feedback: Manufacturers are also seeking feedback from professional golfers and amateur players to identify areas for improvement in putter design. By gathering insights from those who use putters in real-world conditions, manufacturers can better understand the needs and preferences of their customers and develop putters that better meet those needs.
  • Industry Collaboration: Collaboration between golf equipment manufacturers, golf instructors, and sports scientists is crucial for driving innovation in putter technology. By sharing knowledge and resources, these industry professionals can work together to develop putters that are more effective and better suited to the needs of golfers. This collaboration can also help to accelerate the development process and bring new technologies to market more quickly.

Overall, the future of putter technology is likely to be characterized by continued innovation, driven by research and development, player feedback, and industry collaboration. As new materials, designs, and technologies are developed, putters are likely to become even more effective tools for golfers, helping them to improve their performance on the course.

Exploring New Possibilities

New Materials

One of the areas where putter technology is rapidly evolving is in the use of new materials. These materials are designed to enhance the performance of the putter by providing greater stability, control, and precision. Some of the new materials being used in putter technology include:

  • Carbon fiber: This material is lightweight and provides excellent stability, making it ideal for use in putter construction.
  • Aluminum: Aluminum is a strong and durable material that is also lightweight, making it a popular choice for putter manufacturers.
  • Titanium: Titanium is a lightweight and strong material that is also highly resistant to corrosion, making it an ideal choice for putter construction.

Advanced Designs

Another area where putter technology is advancing is in the design of the putter itself. Advanced designs are aimed at improving the overall performance of the putter, including its stability, control, and accuracy. Some of the advanced designs being used in putter technology include:

  • Mallet putters: These putters have a mallet-shaped head that is designed to provide greater stability and control.
  • Blade putters: Blade putters have a thin, flat head that is designed to provide a more precise and accurate stroke.
  • Adjustable putters: Adjustable putters allow golfers to adjust the length and lie of the putter, providing greater customization and control.

Enhanced Performance

In addition to the use of new materials and advanced designs, putter technology is also focused on enhancing the overall performance of the putter. This includes improving its stability, control, and accuracy, as well as reducing the effects of external factors such as wind and grip pressure. Some of the ways in which putter technology is enhancing performance include:

  • Improved weight distribution: By optimizing the weight distribution of the putter, manufacturers can improve its stability and control.
  • Advanced materials: The use of advanced materials such as carbon fiber, aluminum, and titanium can improve the overall performance of the putter.
  • Adjustable designs: Adjustable putter designs allow golfers to customize the putter to their own specifications, improving its performance and control.

Overall, the future of putter technology is focused on improving the performance of the putter through the use of new materials, advanced designs, and enhanced performance. These advancements are aimed at providing golfers with a more stable, controlled, and accurate putting experience, ultimately improving their overall golf performance.

FAQs

1. What is a putter and how does it affect golf performance?

A putter is a golf club used for hitting the ball into the hole from short distances. It is typically a shorter club with a smaller head and a flat surface on the hitting end. The putter’s design and the golfer’s technique can greatly impact the accuracy and speed of the shot.

2. How does new putter technology impact golf performance?

New putter technology can have a significant impact on golf performance. For example, new materials and designs can increase the forgiveness of the club, meaning that even if the golfer doesn’t hit the ball perfectly, the ball will still go where they want it to. Additionally, new putter technology can improve the consistency and accuracy of the shot, allowing golfers to make more putts and lower their scores.

3. What are some examples of new putter technology?

There are many examples of new putter technology, including putters with adjustable weights, putters with adjustable loft, and putters with face inserts made of soft materials that increase the ball’s velocity on impact. Additionally, some putters are designed with unique shapes and head sizes to help golfers improve their technique and accuracy.

4. How can a golfer determine if a new putter will help their performance?

A golfer can determine if a new putter will help their performance by taking their current putter to a golf store and trying out a few different models. They can also ask a golf professional for advice on which putters may be best for their swing and technique. It’s important to keep in mind that while a new putter can certainly help, the golfer’s own technique and form are also crucial factors in determining their performance on the course.

5. Are there any downsides to using a new putter?

One downside to using a new putter is that it may take some time for a golfer to get used to the new design and feel of the club. This can impact their performance and confidence on the course. Additionally, a new putter can be expensive, so golfers should carefully consider if the potential benefits are worth the cost.

Did I Get A New PUTTER? – Putter Fitting at EvnRoll

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *