Mastering Golf Swing Mechanics: A Comprehensive Guide

Golf is a game that requires precision, technique, and patience. One of the most crucial aspects of the game is the golf swing, which is the backbone of every shot. The proper swing mechanics are essential to ensure that the ball travels in the desired direction and distance. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the key elements of mastering golf swing mechanics. From the setup to the follow-through, we will cover the fundamentals of a good golf swing, common faults to avoid, and drills to improve your technique. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced golfer, this guide will provide you with valuable insights and tips to help you master the art of the golf swing.

Understanding the Fundamentals of a Proper Golf Swing

The Golf Swing Kinematic Chain

The Connection between the Lower Body, Upper Body, and Club

In order to execute a proper golf swing, it is essential to understand the interconnectedness of the lower body, upper body, and club. The lower body, consisting of the hips, legs, and feet, provides the foundation for the swing, generating power and stability. The upper body, comprising the arms, shoulders, and torso, coordinates the movement of the club, imparting direction and control. The club itself acts as an extension of the arms, delivering the ball towards the target.

How to use the Kinematic Chain for Optimal Power and Control

Mastering the golf swing kinematic chain involves optimizing the coordination between the lower and upper body, as well as the club, to achieve maximum power and control. To do this, follow these key steps:

1. Set up correctly: Establish a balanced, athletic stance with your feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, and your weight evenly distributed on your feet. Position the club parallel to the ground, with the handle resting just behind your lead shoulder.
2. Initiate the swing: Use your lower body to initiate the swing by shifting your weight towards your target side. This should cause your hips and torso to rotate, uncoiling your body and creating potential energy.
3. Accelerate the club: As your hips and torso continue to rotate, use your arms to accelerate the club, keeping it inside your target line. This ensures that the club is on a path to hit the ball.
4. Release the club: At the point of impact, release the club, allowing it to fully extend and strike the ball.
5. Follow through: Continue the rotation of your upper body, allowing your arms to extend and the club to return to the ball-address position.

By understanding and mastering the kinematic chain of the golf swing, you can improve your power, control, and overall consistency on the course.

The Role of the Lower Body

How the Hips, Legs, and Feet Work Together During the Swing

In a proper golf swing, the lower body plays a crucial role in generating power and control. The hips, legs, and feet work together to create a stable and balanced base from which the upper body can rotate and swing the club.

• The hips serve as the primary source of power in the swing, rotating and shifting weight from side to side to generate force.
• The legs provide stability and support, acting as a foundation for the upper body to build upon.
• The feet, meanwhile, maintain balance and control, working in tandem with the hips and legs to ensure that the golfer stays grounded and focused throughout the swing.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in the Lower Body

While the lower body is essential to a proper golf swing, it is also prone to errors that can disrupt the balance and power of the swing. Some common mistakes to avoid in the lower body include:

• Over-rotating the hips, which can cause a loss of balance and control.
• Rushing the swing and failing to utilize the lower body properly, leading to a lack of power and accuracy.
• Collapsing the upper body or leaning back excessively, which can disrupt the swing’s natural motion and throw off the golfer’s balance.

By paying close attention to the role of the lower body in the golf swing and avoiding these common mistakes, golfers can develop a more efficient and effective swing that produces greater power and accuracy.

The Role of the Upper Body

The Importance of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands in the Swing

In the golf swing, the upper body plays a crucial role in generating power and control. The shoulders, arms, and hands are all interconnected and work together to create a smooth, efficient motion.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in the Upper Body

One common mistake that golfers make is allowing the shoulders to tense up during the swing. This can lead to a loss of power and accuracy. To avoid this, it’s important to keep the shoulders relaxed and allow them to move naturally with the rest of the body.

Another mistake to avoid is letting the arms take over the swing. While the arms do play a role in the swing, they should not be the primary movers. Instead, the arms should be used to control the club and maintain balance throughout the swing.

Finally, many golfers struggle with gripping the club too tightly, which can lead to tension and a loss of control. It’s important to hold the club lightly, with the hands relaxed and the fingers wrapped around the grip. This will allow for a more natural, fluid motion throughout the swing.

Developing a Proper Grip

When it comes to mastering golf swing mechanics, a proper grip is essential. It forms the foundation of your swing and can greatly impact your accuracy and distance. In this section, we will discuss the key elements of developing a proper grip.

• The correct grip pressure and position

The correct grip pressure and position are crucial to ensuring a smooth and powerful swing. To find the right grip pressure, you should hold the club lightly, with your fingers resting comfortably on the grip. You should be able to close your hand around the club without applying too much pressure. The grip should be firm but not tight, allowing for natural movement throughout the swing.

As for the grip position, the club should be held with the handle resting in the natural curve of your fingers, not in the palm of your hand. Your dominant eye should be directly over the club, ensuring a straight line from your shoulder to the ball. This position helps you maintain a square face at impact and avoid slicing or hooking the ball.

• How to maintain a consistent grip throughout the swing

Maintaining a consistent grip throughout the swing is vital for maintaining control and accuracy. To achieve this, you should focus on keeping your hands in the same position relative to the club and your body. This means that as you swing, your hands should move in unison with the club, rather than manipulating the grip.

One helpful technique for maintaining a consistent grip is to imagine that you are holding a small bird with your fingers. This visualization helps you keep your fingers close together and avoid gripping too tightly or too loosely. Additionally, focusing on a fixed point, such as the ball or the target, can help you maintain a steady grip and swing.

It’s also important to practice your grip regularly, both on and off the course. Taking time to perfect your grip in the privacy of your own practice area can save you valuable strokes on the course. Incorporating grip drills into your practice routine can help you develop muscle memory and build the necessary strength and control for a consistent grip.

By focusing on the correct grip pressure and position, and practicing consistency throughout your swing, you can set yourself up for success on the course. A solid grip is the foundation of a powerful and accurate golf swing, and with the right practice and attention to detail, you can master this essential aspect of the game.

Proper Stance and Alignment

The Importance of Proper Stance and Alignment

In golf, a proper stance and alignment are crucial to producing a powerful and accurate swing. The stance refers to the position of the golfer’s feet, while alignment refers to the golfer’s body position in relation to the target.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Stance and Alignment

One common mistake is having too narrow or too wide of a stance, which can cause instability and make it difficult to maintain balance throughout the swing. Another mistake is failing to properly align the body, which can lead to a lack of consistency and accuracy in shots.

Additionally, some golfers tend to lean too far forward or backward, causing an imbalance in their swing. It is important to maintain a neutral spine and avoid tilting to either side.

Finally, it is important to avoid crossing your arms or holding them too tightly, as this can restrict your swing and cause tension in your upper body. Instead, keep your arms relaxed and let them swing naturally through the motion.

The Role of the Mental Game

• The mental game plays a crucial role in the physical execution of a golf swing.
• Golfers who are mentally prepared and focused are more likely to perform at their best.

• A distracted or unfocused mind can lead to inconsistent swings and poor performance.

• How mental preparedness affects physical performance

  • When a golfer is mentally prepared, they are able to stay focused and concentrated during the swing.
  • This allows them to execute the swing with precision and accuracy, resulting in better shots.
  • Mental preparedness also helps golfers to manage their emotions and stay calm under pressure.
  • This is particularly important during competitive rounds, when the pressure to perform can be high.
  • By maintaining a clear and focused mind, golfers can stay in control of their thoughts and emotions, which in turn helps them to perform at their best.
• Tips for maintaining focus and concentration during the swing
  • Visualization techniques can help golfers to maintain focus and concentration during the swing.
  • By visualizing the shot and the desired outcome, golfers can stay mentally engaged and focused on the task at hand.
  • Another effective technique is to use positive self-talk to reinforce a golfer’s confidence and concentration.
  • For example, a golfer might say to themselves, “I am a great putter” or “I am confident in my swing.”
  • These positive affirmations can help to counteract negative thoughts and doubts, and keep the golfer focused on the task at hand.
  • Additionally, golfers can also practice mindfulness techniques, such as deep breathing and meditation, to help them stay calm and focused during the swing.
  • These techniques can help golfers to stay centered and focused, and improve their overall mental game.

Swing Techniques and Drills

The Backswing

The Proper Sequence of the Backswing

The backswing is a crucial part of the golf swing, and it’s essential to have the correct sequence of movements to ensure a smooth and powerful swing. The backswing sequence typically begins with the golfer taking the club away from the ball, pivoting the shoulders, and moving the arms and club in an arc-like motion.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in the Backswing

While the backswing can be a complex motion, there are several common mistakes that golfers should avoid. One of the most common mistakes is not allowing the shoulders to rotate properly, which can lead to a lack of power and control in the swing. Another mistake is rushing the backswing, which can cause a loss of accuracy and consistency. Additionally, some golfers may have a tendency to lift their head during the backswing, which can lead to a loss of balance and a lack of control over the swing. By understanding these common mistakes and working to avoid them, golfers can improve their backswing and overall swing mechanics.

The Transition

The Key Elements of a Smooth Transition

A smooth transition from the backswing to the downswing is crucial for achieving optimal golf swing mechanics. This phase of the swing involves the movement of the club from the top of the backswing to the start of the downswing. To execute a smooth transition, the following key elements should be considered:

1. Maintaining a bent left arm and wrist during the transition.
2. Slightly releasing the right knee and hip, allowing the lower body to move in unison with the upper body.
3. Maintaining the spine angle created during the backswing, ensuring a consistent posture.
4. Rotating the torso under the upper body, creating a natural separation of the upper and lower body.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in the Transition

When transitioning from the backswing to the downswing, several common mistakes can occur. Golfers should be aware of these errors and take steps to avoid them to achieve optimal swing mechanics:

1. Rushing the transition: This can lead to a loss of power and control in the downswing, resulting in decreased accuracy and distance.
2. Over-rotating the torso: This can cause an early extension of the arms, leading to a loss of control and a steep downswing angle.
3. Allowing the arms to straighten prematurely: This can lead to a loss of clubhead speed and power, as well as a loss of control over the ball.
4. Failing to maintain the spine angle: This can cause an inconsistent posture and a loss of balance, leading to poor swing mechanics and reduced accuracy.

By being aware of these common mistakes and focusing on maintaining the key elements of a smooth transition, golfers can improve their swing mechanics and achieve greater accuracy and distance in their shots.

The Downswing

The downswing is a critical phase of the golf swing that can significantly impact the accuracy and distance of your shots. To master the downswing, it is essential to understand its proper sequence and avoid common mistakes.

Proper Sequence of the Downswing

The proper sequence of the downswing begins with the transition from the top of the backswing to the start of the downswing. This transition should be smooth and controlled, allowing the golfer to maintain their spine angle and avoid any sudden movements.

Once the transition is complete, the golfer should focus on keeping their hands ahead of the clubhead throughout the downswing. This will help to ensure a smooth, powerful uncoiling of the arms and a proper release of the clubhead at impact.

As the golfer approaches impact, they should focus on rotating their hips and torso to fully extend their arms and maintain a square position to the target. This will help to ensure a solid, powerful strike and maximize the distance and accuracy of the shot.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in the Downswing

One common mistake in the downswing is trying to hit the ball too hard, which can lead to a loss of control and accuracy. Golfers should focus on maintaining a smooth, controlled uncoiling of the arms and avoid any excessive use of their hands or wrists.

Another common mistake is failing to maintain a proper spine angle throughout the downswing. This can lead to a loss of balance and control, and can result in a poorly struck shot. Golfers should focus on keeping their spine angle throughout the downswing and avoid any sudden movements or twisting of the torso.

Finally, some golfers may try to rush the downswing, leading to a lack of control and accuracy. Golfers should focus on maintaining a smooth, controlled rhythm throughout the downswing and avoid any quick or jerky movements.

By mastering the proper sequence of the downswing and avoiding common mistakes, golfers can improve their accuracy and distance, and take their game to the next level.

The Impact Zone

The Importance of Making Solid Contact

The impact zone refers to the area where the golf club makes contact with the golf ball. It is crucial to make solid contact in this area to achieve optimal ball flight and distance. A solid impact creates a powerful and consistent shot, while a mishit can result in a weak, off-target shot. Therefore, mastering the impact zone is essential for any golfer looking to improve their swing mechanics.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in the Impact Zone

To make solid contact in the impact zone, golfers should avoid the following common mistakes:

1. Lifting the Head: Golfers often lift their head during the swing, causing the ball to be hit with an open face and resulting in a slice or a pulled shot. It’s important to keep the head down and focused on the ball throughout the swing.
2. Coming Over the Top: A common mistake is to come over the top, meaning the hands and club move too far to the inside of the body during the downswing. This can lead to a thin shot or a hook. It’s important to maintain a proper hand position and keep the club on the intended path.
3. Swinging Too Fast: Swinging too fast can lead to a loss of control and accuracy. Golfers should focus on a smooth, controlled swing rather than trying to hit the ball as hard as possible.
4. Not Using the Legs: Many golfers neglect the importance of the legs in the swing, leading to a lack of power and control. Engaging the legs and using them to drive the swing can greatly improve the impact zone and overall shot quality.
5. Not Following Through: Following through is crucial for maintaining a proper swing and achieving solid contact. Golfers should continue to swing past the ball and keep the hands forward at impact to ensure a powerful and accurate shot.

The Follow-Through

The Importance of Extending the Swing Beyond Impact

Extending the swing beyond impact is crucial for achieving optimal ball flight and distance. The follow-through plays a vital role in transferring energy from the body to the clubhead, allowing the ball to travel further and straighter. A proper follow-through ensures that the club continues to move in a smooth, controlled manner, reducing the risk of injury and promoting consistent, powerful shots.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in the Follow-Through

When executing a golf swing, it is essential to pay close attention to the follow-through to prevent common mistakes that can negatively impact ball flight and overall performance. Some of these mistakes include:

1. Lifting the head: Lifting the head during the follow-through can cause the body to twist and the arms to lose their connection to the club, leading to a loss of power and accuracy.
2. Rushing the follow-through: Rushing the follow-through can result in an incomplete extension of the arms and a premature release of the club, causing the ball to fly to the right (for right-handed golfers).
3. Swinging too fast: Swinging too fast can cause the hands and arms to move out of position, leading to inconsistent ball flight and reduced control.
4. Breaking wrists: Breaking the wrists during the follow-through can cause the club to twist and the ball to travel off-target.
5. Sliding the hips: Sliding the hips during the follow-through can disrupt the body’s alignment and cause the club to lose its connection to the body, leading to reduced power and accuracy.

To master the follow-through and achieve a consistent, powerful golf swing, it is crucial to focus on maintaining a smooth, controlled motion throughout the entire swing, from address to the completion of the follow-through. This requires paying close attention to body alignment, grip pressure, and the sequencing of the swing. By practicing the proper techniques and drills, golfers can develop the skills necessary to extend the swing beyond impact and achieve optimal ball flight and distance.

Practice Drills

When it comes to mastering golf swing mechanics, practice is key. But how do you practice effectively? In this section, we’ll explore some recommended drills for improving your swing mechanics.

How to Practice Specific Swing Techniques

To improve your swing mechanics, it’s important to practice specific techniques that target areas of weakness or help reinforce good habits. Here are some tips for practicing specific techniques:

1. Start with a simple drill that focuses on the specific technique you want to work on. For example, if you want to improve your backswing, practice making a slow and controlled backswing without letting your arms get ahead of your body.
2. Repeat the drill several times until you feel comfortable with it. Then, gradually increase the difficulty of the drill by adding more elements or increasing the speed.
3. Use visualization techniques to help you imagine yourself making the correct swing mechanics. Close your eyes and picture yourself making a perfect swing, paying attention to the feeling of the movement and the position of your body.

Recommended Drills for Improving Swing Mechanics

Here are some recommended drills for improving your swing mechanics:

1. The Warm-Up Drill: Start your practice session with a warm-up drill that focuses on getting your body loose and limber. This can be as simple as making some slow swings with a light club or doing some light stretching exercises.
2. The Takeaway Drill: Work on your takeaway by practicing a slow and controlled takeaway with your club. Make sure to keep your hands in front of your body and let your arms swing naturally.
3. The Impact Drill: Practice your impact position by making slow swings and focusing on keeping your body in the correct position at impact. Make sure to keep your weight on your front foot and your arms extended.
4. The Follow-Through Drill: Finish your practice session with a follow-through drill that focuses on keeping your arms extended and your body in balance. Make sure to finish in a strong and balanced position.

By practicing these and other specific drills, you can improve your swing mechanics and develop a more consistent and powerful swing.

Improving Your Swing with Technology

The Role of Video Analysis

How video analysis can help identify swing flaws

Video analysis has become an indispensable tool for golfers looking to improve their swing mechanics. By capturing the golfer’s swing on video, it allows for a detailed examination of the swing, making it easier to identify flaws and areas for improvement. Some of the key benefits of using video analysis include:

• Slow-motion replay: With the ability to slow down the video, golfers can see their swing in detail, allowing them to identify areas where they may be losing power or getting out of position.
• Objective feedback: Unlike a human instructor, video analysis doesn’t have any preconceived notions or biases about a golfer’s swing. It simply shows what’s happening, making it easier to identify flaws and make objective improvements.
• Consistency: By using video analysis, golfers can compare their swings over time, allowing them to see the progress they’re making and make adjustments as needed.

Tips for using video analysis effectively

While video analysis can be a powerful tool for improving your swing, it’s important to use it effectively. Here are some tips for getting the most out of your video analysis sessions:

• Set up your camera in a stable position: To get accurate readings, it’s important to set up your camera in a stable position. This will help ensure that your movements are captured accurately, making it easier to identify flaws and make improvements.
• Use multiple angles: To get a complete picture of your swing, it’s helpful to use multiple angles. This will allow you to see your swing from different perspectives, making it easier to identify flaws and make adjustments.
• Focus on key points: When analyzing your swing, it’s important to focus on key points, such as your address position, backswing, and follow-through. By focusing on these key points, you can make targeted improvements to your swing.
• Be patient: Improving your swing takes time and patience. It’s important to be patient and consistent in your practice, making small adjustments along the way. With time and practice, you’ll see improvements in your swing mechanics.

Using TrackMan and Other Launch Monitors

One of the most effective ways to improve your golf swing is by using technology. Launch monitors, such as TrackMan, can provide valuable data on your swing mechanics, helping you identify areas that need improvement. In this section, we will discuss how to use TrackMan and other launch monitors to improve your golf swing.

How launch monitors can provide valuable data on swing mechanics

Launch monitors use high-speed cameras and sensors to measure various aspects of your swing, including ball speed, spin rate, launch angle, and trajectory. By analyzing this data, you can gain insights into your swing mechanics and identify areas that need improvement. For example, if your ball speed is lower than average, it may indicate that you are not using a proper swing tempo or that you are not using your legs enough in the swing.

TrackMan is one of the most popular launch monitors used by golfers and instructors. It uses Doppler radar technology to measure the ball’s flight and calculate various metrics, such as ball speed, spin rate, and launch angle. This data can be displayed on a screen in real-time, allowing you to see how your swing affects the ball’s flight.

Tips for using launch monitors to improve your swing

1. Practice with a launch monitor: To get the most out of your launch monitor sessions, it’s essential to practice using the equipment. Start by hitting a few shots without the launch monitor to get a feel for your swing. Then, use the launch monitor to analyze your swing and identify areas that need improvement.
2. Focus on key metrics: While there are many metrics that a launch monitor can provide, it’s essential to focus on the key metrics that will have the most significant impact on your golf game. For example, if you’re struggling with distance, focus on ball speed and launch angle. If you’re struggling with accuracy, focus on spin rate and trajectory.
3. Work with a golf instructor: If you’re new to using launch monitors, it’s a good idea to work with a golf instructor who can help you interpret the data and develop a plan for improvement. A golf instructor can also help you make adjustments to your swing based on the data provided by the launch monitor.
4. Use the data to make adjustments: Once you have analyzed your swing using a launch monitor, use the data to make adjustments to your swing. For example, if you’re struggling with launch angle, try adjusting your swing plane to create a higher launch angle. Be patient and make small adjustments at a time to avoid making big changes that may negatively affect your swing.

In conclusion, using launch monitors, such as TrackMan, can provide valuable data on your swing mechanics, helping you identify areas that need improvement. By following the tips above, you can use launch monitors to improve your golf swing and achieve better results on the course.

Incorporating Fitness Training into Your Swing

Improving your physical fitness is crucial for developing a better golf swing. Golf swings involve powerful movements that require strength, flexibility, and endurance. As a result, incorporating fitness training into your golf routine can help you achieve greater success on the course. Here are some tips for incorporating fitness training into your golf routine:

The Importance of Physical Fitness for a Good Swing

Physical fitness plays a crucial role in developing a good golf swing. Golf swings require a combination of strength, flexibility, and endurance. Here are some ways that physical fitness can improve your golf swing:

• Strength: A strong body is essential for generating power in your swing. Strength training exercises, such as weightlifting and resistance band exercises, can help you build the muscle necessary for a powerful swing.
• Flexibility: Golf swings require a full range of motion, especially in the shoulders, hips, and torso. Flexibility training exercises, such as yoga and stretching, can help you maintain mobility and prevent injury.
• Endurance: Golf can be a physically demanding sport, and the repetitive motions of swinging a club can quickly fatigue your muscles. Endurance training exercises, such as cardio and interval training, can help you maintain your energy throughout a round of golf.

Tips for Incorporating Fitness Training into Your Golf Routine

Incorporating fitness training into your golf routine can be as simple as adding a few exercises to your warm-up or cool-down routine. Here are some tips for incorporating fitness training into your golf routine:

• Warm-up: Before you start practicing or playing, take a few minutes to warm up your muscles. This can include dynamic stretches, such as leg swings and arm circles, as well as light cardio exercises, such as jogging or cycling.
• Cool-down: After you finish practicing or playing, take a few minutes to cool down your muscles. This can include static stretches, such as downward dog and pigeon pose, as well as foam rolling or massage to release tension in your muscles.
• Exercises: Incorporate strength and flexibility training exercises into your routine. This can include weightlifting, resistance band exercises, yoga, and stretching. Aim to do these exercises at least a few times a week, depending on your schedule and fitness level.
• Cardio: Incorporate cardio exercises into your routine to improve your endurance on the course. This can include jogging, cycling, or swimming. Aim to do at least 30 minutes of cardio exercise at least a few times a week.

Incorporating fitness training into your golf routine can help you improve your physical abilities and enhance your golf swing. By building strength, flexibility, and endurance, you can achieve greater success on the course.

FAQs

1. What are the proper swing mechanics for golf?

The proper swing mechanics for golf involve a combination of elements that work together to create a smooth, powerful, and accurate swing. These elements include the grip, stance, posture, shoulder turn, swing plane, and tempo. A proper grip allows for control and accuracy, while a balanced stance and posture provide stability and power. The shoulder turn creates torque and leverage, and the swing plane determines the trajectory and distance of the shot. Finally, a consistent tempo ensures a smooth and controlled swing.

2. How should I grip the golf club?

A proper grip on a golf club involves placing the hands in the correct position on the handle, with the palms facing toward the target. The left hand should be placed lower on the handle than the right hand, and the thumbs should be placed on the right side of the handle. The grip should be firm but not too tight, allowing for control and power in the swing. It’s important to keep the grip consistent and avoid any changes during the swing, as this can affect accuracy and control.

3. What is the correct stance for golf?

The correct stance for golf involves standing with the feet shoulder-width apart, with the ball positioned just behind the leading foot. The knees should be slightly bent, and the weight should be distributed evenly on both feet. The body should be leaning slightly forward, with the shoulders facing the target. The arms should be relaxed and hang naturally from the shoulders, with the club resting on the ground beside the feet. A balanced stance provides stability and power in the swing, allowing for control and accuracy.

4. How should I position my body during the swing?

During the swing, the body should move in a smooth and controlled manner, with the shoulders turning away from the target and the hips following through. The weight should shift from the back foot to the front foot as the swing progresses, allowing for power and leverage. The arms should swing freely, with the club head moving along the swing plane. The body should remain balanced and in control throughout the swing, with the shoulders and hips facing the target at impact.

5. What is the correct swing plane for golf?

The correct swing plane for golf involves the club head moving along a path that is slightly inside the target line early in the swing, then moving outside the target line as the swing progresses. This inside-outside swing path allows for control and accuracy, as well as power and distance. The swing plane should be consistent throughout the swing, with the club head moving on a path that is level with the shoulders at impact.

6. How should I control my tempo during the swing?

The tempo of the golf swing should be consistent and smooth, allowing for control and accuracy. A good tempo involves a slow and controlled backswing, followed by a smooth and accelerating downswing. The transition from the backswing to the downswing should be seamless, with the body moving in a fluid and controlled manner. A consistent tempo allows for control and accuracy, as well as power and distance.

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